Accurate prediction of the lifespan of lithium-ion batteries is crucial for ensuring the electrical safety of equipment. In the process of battery lifespan prediction, the selection of indirect parameters is a key link. However, at present, there are relatively few studies on the relationship between indirect parameters and the internal reaction mechanism of batteries. This paper conducts an experimental study on the relationship between indirect parameters in battery life prediction and the battery reaction mechanism, designs an integrated experimental scheme for battery charge and discharge cycles, electrochemical impedance and acoustic emission, and obtains the nonlinear evolution laws of capacity, impedance and mechanical damage with the number of cycles through experiments. By analyzing the evolution laws of charge transfer impedance (R_CT) and solid-state electrolyte interface film impedance (R_SEI), the mechanism by which R_CT and R_SEI affect the degradation of battery life by influencing the transmission and transfer of internal charges in the battery was discovered. Further, the intrinsic qualitative connection among battery capacity, impedance and damage was expounded. Subsequently, based on the qualitative connection between impedance and mechanical damage, the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to quantify the relationship between R_CT, R_SEI and the cumulative impact times of acoustic emission. The results show that the correlation coefficients of R_CT and R_SEI with the cumulative impact times of acoustic emission are both higher than 0.9, indicating that impedance is closely related to electrode mechanical damage. Impedance R_CT and R_SEI contain both electrochemical factors and electrode mechanical damage information. Moreover, the relationship between impedance and mechanical damage has been further verified through experiments with different charge and discharge rates and different electrode materials.