In order to investigate the dynamic process of calculi ablation by holmium(Ho) laser and its collateral damage to the surrounding tissues, various model experiments were conducted on artificial gelatin-gypsum samples, along with a homemade holmium laser device. The experimental parameters included the laser energy, the fiber diameter, and the distance between the fiber and the artificial calculi. High-speed shadow graphs showed that an hourglass-shaped bubble would occur in gelatin during the ablation, and a discussion was provided on the morphology evolution mechanism of hourglass-shaped bubbles under different loading conditions. Characterizations on the recovered samples were carried out via optical imaging and scanning electron microscope. The results revealed that gelatin tissue undergoes damage from erosion, cavitation, and fragments jetting of artificial calculi. The ablation crater shows two kinds of morphology on its side face and subface with different roughness due to different material failure mechanisms. Geometric parameters of the ablation crater were obtained using the white-light interferometry technique, along with discussions on the effects of loading conditions. Energy analysis was given on the ablation process, and a linear relation between crater volume and laser energy was evaluated.