The measurement and analysis of the refractive index of droplets is a crucial aspect of exploring liquid compositions and studying the physicochemical properties of liquids. The optical measurement techniques currently used to determine the refractive index of transparent droplets are impeded by the substantial liquid volume requirements, making the accurate measurement of the refractive index of micro-scale droplets a significant challenge. To address this issue, the present study proposes a non-contact method for measuring the refractive index of droplets based on digital image correlation (DIC) and inverse method, to achieve high-precision analysis of the refractive index and concentration of micro-droplets. The proposed method designs a dual-module optical imaging system to measure the refractive index of transparent droplets precisely. A physical model is constructed to derive the mathematical mapping between the droplet's refractive index, image displacement, and geometric contour. The segmentation-aided digital image correlation (SA-DIC) method enables subpixel-level full-field displacement vector measurements, providing key data for the refractive index inversion model. A side-view camera captures the droplet's contour, and edge detection algorithm extracts feature coordinates. A synchronization calibration method aligns the spatial coordinates of the dual imaging systems. Finally, the refractive index parameters are inverted using experimental data and a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Experimental results demonstrate high precision in measuring the refractive index of micro-scale droplets.