Phase-shift photoelastic method is a digital photoelastic measurement technique. Ten-step phase-shift method has been widely used in the phase-shift photoelastic method because of its high measurement accuracy. However, the ten-step phase shift method needs to collect 10 phase shift images in the measurement process, and needs to manually rotate the lens and switch the light source in the process of sampling, which is complicated and has low measurement efficiency. In order to solve this problem, an automatic phase shift photoelastic measurement system based on a polarization camera was proposed. The system applied the polarization camera to acquire images, used the combination of white light and filters as the light source, and controlled the lens rotation and light source switching through the electronic control system, so as to realize the automatic and efficient acquisition of phase shift images. Experimental measurements on a disk and a ring demonstrate that the proposed system can complete the acquisition of 10 phase-shift images within 5 s, which effectively improves the measurement efficiency compared with the traditional measurement system. In addition, the experimental results also prove the accuracy of the system measurement.